ABSTRACT BACKGROUND: Despite major advances in the clinical treatment of inflammatory bowel disease, some patients still present with acute colitis and require emergency surgery. AIMS: To evaluate the risk factors for early postoperative complications in patients undergoing surgery for acute colitis in the era of biologic therapy. METHODS: Patients with inflammatory bowel disease admitted for acute colitis who underwent total colectomy at a single tertiary hospital from 2012 to 2022 were evaluated. Postoperative complications were graded according to Clavien-Dindo classification (CDC). Patients with more severe complications (CDC≥2) were compared with those with less severe complications (CDC<2). RESULTS: A total of 46 patients underwent surgery. The indications were: failure of clinical treatment (n=34), patients’ or surgeon's preference (n=5), hemorrhage (n=3), toxic megacolon (n=2), and bowel perforation (n=2). There were eight reoperations, 60.9% of postoperative complications classified as CDC≥2, and three deaths. In univariate analyses, preoperative antibiotics use, ulcerative colitis diagnosis, lower albumin levels at admission, and preoperative hospital stay longer than seven days were associated with more severe postoperative complications. CONCLUSIONS: Emergency surgery for acute colitis was associated with a high incidence of postoperative complications. Preoperative use of antibiotics, ulcerative colitis, lower albumin levels at admission, and delaying surgery for more than seven days were associated with more severe early postoperative complications. The use of biologics was not associated with worse outcomes.

RESUMO RACIONAL: Apesar dos enormes avanços no tratamento das doenças inflamatórias intestinais (DII), alguns pacientes apresentam quadros de colite aguda refratária ao tratamento clínico, e necessitam de cirurgia de urgência. OBJETIVOS: Avaliar os fatores de risco associados com complicações pós-operatórias precoces nos pacientes com colite aguda submetidos a colectomia na era das terapias biológicas. MÉTODOS: Pacientes com DII admitidos com colite aguda grave submetidos a colectomia total em hospital terciário no período de 2012 a 2022 foram analisados. As complicações pós-operatórias foram graduadas de acordo com a classificação Clavien-Dindo (CCD). Pacientes com complicações mais graves (CCD≥2) foram comparados com os menos graves (CCD<2). RESULTADOS: Foram submetidos a cirurgia 46 pacientes. As indicações foram: falha do tratamento conservador (n=34), preferência do paciente ou do cirurgião (n=5), hemorragia (n=3), megacólon tóxico (n=2) e perfuração intestinal (n=2). Reoperação foi necessária em oito pacientes, 60,9% tiveram complicações classificadas como CCD≥2, e três pacientes foram a óbito. Análise univariada identificou que uso de antibióticos no pré-operatório, diagnóstico de colite ulcerativa, hipoalbuminemia na admissão e período de internação maior que sete dias foi associada à complicações pós-operatória mais graves. CONCLUSÕES: Pacientes com colite aguda submetidos a cirurgia de urgência apresentaram alta taxa de complicações pós-operatórias. Uso pré-operatório de antibióticos, diagnóstico de retocolite ulcerativa, hipoalbuminemia na admissão e retardo na operação por mais que sete dias, esteve associado a complicações pós-operatórias mais graves. Uso de biológicos não se associou a piores desfechos.

Abstract Fecal Immunochemical Test (FIT) followed by a colonoscopy is an efficacious strategy to improve the adenoma detection rate and Colorectal Cancer (CRC). There is no organized national screening program for CRC in Brazil. The aim of this research was to describe the implementation of an organized screening program for CRC through FIT followed by colonoscopy, in an urban low-income community of São Paulo city. The endpoints of the study were: FIT participation rate, FIT positivity rate, colonoscopy compliance rate, Positive Predictive Values (PPV) for adenoma and CRC, and the rate of complications. From May 2016 to October 2019, asymptomatic individuals, 50-75 years old, received a free kit to perform the FIT. Positive FIT (≥ 50 ng/mL) individuals were referred to colonoscopy. 10,057 individuals returned the stool sample for analysis, of which (98.2%) 9,881 were valid. Women represented 64.8% of the participants. 55.3% of individuals did not complete elementary school. Positive FIT was 7.8% (776/9881). The colonoscopy compliance rate was 68.9% (535/776). There were no major colonoscopy complications. Adenoma were detected in 63.2% (332/525) of individuals. Advanced adenomatous lesions were found in 31.4% (165/525). CRC was diagnosed in 5.9% (31/525), characterized as adenocarcinoma: in situ in 3.2% (1/31), intramucosal in 29% (9/31), and invasive in 67.7% (21/31). Endoscopic treatment with curative intent for CRC was performed in 45.2% (14/31) of the cases. Therefore, in an urban low-income community, an organized CRC screening using FIT followed by colonoscopy ensued a high participation rate, and high predictive positive value for both, adenoma and CRC.

RESUMO - RACIONAL: Mesmo no câncer gástrico (CG) em estágio clínico IV (ECIV), procedimentos cirúrgicos podem ser necessários para aliviar sintomas ou na tentativa de melhorar a sobrevida. No entanto, a sobrevida limitada desses pacientes levanta dúvidas sobre quem realmente se beneficiaria. OBJETIVO: Analisar os resultados cirúrgicos do CG ECIV tratado com procedimentos cirúrgicos sem intenção curativa. MÉTODOS: Análise retrospectiva dos pacientes com CG ECIV submetido a procedimentos cirúrgicos, incluindo: ressecção tumoral, bypass, jejunostomia e laparoscopia diagnóstica. Pacientes submetidos à gastrectomia curativa serviram como grupo de comparação. RESULTADOS: Os procedimentos cirúrgicos em ECIV foram realizados em 363 pacientes. Comparado à cirurgia curativa (680 pacientes), os pacientes em ECIV apresentaram maior taxa de comorbidades e classificação ASA III/IV. Os procedimentos cirúrgicos realizados foram: 107 (29,4%) bypass (partição/anastomose gastrojejunal), 85 (23,4%) jejunostomias, 76 (20,9%) ressecções e 76 (20,9%) laparoscopias diagnósticas. Em relação às características dos pacientes, os ressecados apresentaram predomínio de metástases distantes (p=0,011); os de bypass associaram-se a doença em mais de um sítio (p<0,001); e os laparoscópicos, metástases peritoneais (p<0,001). A sobrevida global mediana de acordo com o tipo de cirurgia foi: ressecção (13,6 meses), bypass (7,8 meses), jejunostomia (2,7 meses) e diagnóstica (7,8 meses) (p<0,001). Na análise multivariada, níveis baixos de albumina, mais de um sítio de doença, jejunostomia e laparoscopia associaram-se a pior sobrevida. CONCLUSÃO: Pacientes em ECIV ressecados apresentam melhor sobrevida, enquanto aqueles submetidos à jejunostomia e laparoscopia diagnóstica tiveram piores resultados. A identificação adequada dos pacientes que se beneficiariam com a ressecção cirúrgica pode melhorar a sobrevida e evitar procedimentos pouco eficazes.

ABSTRACT - BACKGROUND: Even in clinical stage IV gastric cancer (GC), surgical procedures may be required to palliate symptoms or in an attempt to improve survival. However, the limited survival of these patients raises doubts about who really had benefits from it. AIM: This study aimed to analyze the surgical outcomes in stage IV GC treated with surgical procedures without curative intent. METHODS: Retrospective analyses of patients with stage IV GC submitted to surgical procedures including tumor resection, bypass, jejunostomy, and diagnostic laparoscopy were performed. Patients with GC undergoing curative gastrectomy served as the comparison group. RESULTS: Surgical procedures in clinical stage IV were performed in 363 patients. Compared to curative surgery (680 patients), stage IV patients had a higher rate of comorbidities and ASA III/IV classification. The surgical procedures that were performed included 107 (29.4%) bypass procedures (partitioning/gastrojejunal anastomosis), 85 (23.4%) jejunostomies, 76 (20.9%) resections, and 76 (20.9%) diagnostic laparoscopies. Regarding patients’ characteristics, resected patients had more distant metastasis (p=0.011), bypass patients were associated with disease in more than one site (p<0.001), and laparoscopy patients had more peritoneal metastasis (p<0.001). According to the type of surgery, the median overall survival was as follows: resection (13.6 months), bypass (7.8 months), jejunostomy (2.7 months), and diagnostic (7.8 months, p<0.001). On multivariate analysis, low albumin levels, in case of more than one site of disease, jejunostomy, and laparoscopy, were associated with worse survival. CONCLUSION: Stage IV resected cases have better survival, while patients submitted to jejunostomy and diagnostic laparoscopy had the worst results. The proper identification of patients who would benefit from surgical resection may improve survival and avoid futile procedures.

Abstract The evaluation of preventivemeasures and risk factors for anastomotic leakage has been a constant concern among colorectal surgeons. In this context, the description of a new way to perform a colorectal, coloanal or ileoanal anastomosis, known as transanal transection and single-stapled (TTSS) anastomosis, deserves an appreciation of its qualities, and a discussion about its properties and technical details. In the present paper, the authors review themost recent efforts aiming to reduce anastomotic dehiscence, and describe the TTSS technique in a patient submitted to laparoscopic total proctocolectomy with ileal pouch-anal anastomosis for familial adenomatous polyposis. Surgical perception raises important advantages such as distal rectal transection under visualization, elimination of double-stapling lines (with cost-effectiveness and potential protection against suture dehiscence), elimination of dog ears, and the opportunity to be accomplished via a transanal approach after open, laparoscopic, or robotic colorectal resections. Future studies to confirm these supposed advantages are needed.

RESUMO CONTEXTO: As doenças inflamatórias intestinais (DII), tanto a doença de Crohn (DC) como a retocolite ulcerativa (RCU), são doenças crônicas imunomediadas que se apresentam com períodos de surto e remissão e requerem terapia a longo prazo. A terapia com anti-fator de necrose tumoral (anti-TNF) tem mudado o manejo da doença reduzindo a necessidade de hospitalizações, cirurgias e melhorando a qualidade de vida dos pacientes. OBJETIVO: O objetivo do presente trabalho é apresentar uma revisão sobre a importância dos agentes anti-TNF no contexto da DII, levando em consideração situações em que essas drogas são usadas como terapia de primeira linha. MÉTODOS: Revisão narrativa baseada nas melhores evidências disponíveis na literatura através de buscas feitas nas bases de dados MedLine e PubMed até abril de 2020, utilizando as seguintes palavras chaves: “doença inflamatória intestinal’’, “agentes anti-TNF” e “terapia biológica”. CONCLUSÃO: A terapia biológica permanece sendo fundamental no tratamento da DII. Na ausência de estudos “head-to-head’’ comparando os biológicos entre si, a escolha do agente biológico pode ser um desafio na prática clínica e múltiplas variáveis devem ser levadas em consideração. Os agentes anti-TNF devem ser considerados terapia de primeira linha em situações específicas como na colite ulcerativa aguda grave, na doença de Crohn fistulizante e nas manifestações extra-intestinais da doença inflamatória intestinal, uma vez que há evidências científicas robustas que sustentam a sua eficácia e segurança nessas situações.

ABSTRACT BACKGROUND: Inflammatory bowel diseases (IBD), both Crohn’s disease and ulcerative colitis, are chronic immune-mediated diseases that present a relapsing and remitting course and requires long-term treatment. Anti-tumor necrosis factor (anti-TNF) therapy has changed the management of the disease by reducing the need for hospitalizations, surgeries and improving patient´s quality of life. OBJECTIVE: The aim of this review is to discuss the role of anti-TNF agents in IBD, highlighting the situations where its use as first-line therapy would be appropriate. METHODS: Narrative review summarizing the best available evidence on the topic based on searches in databases such as MedLine and PubMed up to April 2020 using the following keywords: “inflammatory bowel disease’’, “anti-TNF agents” and ‘’biologic therapy’’. CONCLUSION: Biological therapy remains the cornerstone in the treatment of IBD. In the absence of head-to-head comparisons, the choice of the biological agent may be challenging and should take into account several variables. Anti-TNF agents should be considered as first line therapy in specific scenarios such as acute severe ulcerative colitis, fistulizing Crohn’s disease and extra-intestinal manifestations of IBD, given the strong body of evidence supporting its efficacy and safety in these situations.

OBJECTIVE: Stoma prolapse is an intussusception of the bowel through a mature stoma. It can be caused by increased intra-abdominal pressure, excessively mobile bowel mesentery and/or a large opening in the abdominal wall at the time of stoma formation. It occurs predominantly in loop stomas, and correction methods include conservative modalities, such as local reduction to the prolapsed bowel, or surgical treatment. The purpose of this study was to describe our experience with the treatment of colostomy prolapse using a novel mesh strip technique. METHODS: Between February 2009 and March 2018, ten consecutive male patients underwent correction of colostomy prolapse under local anesthesia by peristomal placement of a polypropylene mesh strip. Operation time, short- and long-term complications, and recurrence rates were recorded and analyzed. RESULTS: No postoperative complications, morbidity or mortality were observed. The median length of the prolapse ranged from 6-20 cm, and the median operative time was 30 minutes. The median duration of follow-up was 25 months (range, 12-89 months). No relapse, mesh strip extrusion, local infection or granuloma formation were found. CONCLUSION: A simple, fast, and low-cost operation under local anesthesia using a mesh strip is a valuable option to treat colostomy prolapse.

RESUMO CONTEXTO: Exame anorretal digital (EAD) faz parte do exame físico, também é essencial para a avaliação do cirurgião colorretal. Um bom EAD oferece informações preciosas relacionadas às queixas do paciente, que auxiliam na tomada de decisões. Sua realização é simples, rápida e minimamente invasiva. Em diversos centros ao redor do mundo, o toque retal ainda é o único método para avaliar o esfíncter anal antes do tratamento. Por outro lado, a manometria anorretal (MAR) é o principal método para avaliação funcional objetiva das pressões esfincterianas. A discrepância entre o EAD, dependendo do examinador para determinar o tônus esfincteriano em comparação à MAR motivou este estudo. OBJETIVO: Comparar o EAD com os parâmetros de pressão esfincteriana obtidos na MAR, dependendo da experiência dos examinadores. MÉTODOS: Trinta e seis pacientes consecutivos com queixas de incontinência fecal ou constipação crônica, do ambulatório de Fisiologia Anorretal da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de São Paulo, foram prospectivamente incluídos. Cada paciente foi submetido a MAR e EAD realizados por dois cirurgiões colorretais seniores e um júnior antes da MAR. A história dos pacientes propositalmente omitida dos examinadores, e os resultados de cada examinador foram cegos dos demais. Para o EAD, as pressões de repouso e contração foram classificadas por uma escala objetiva (EAD Scoring System), realizada pelos examinadores seniores e pelo júnior em todos os pacientes, que foi comparada com os parâmetros da MAR para a análise. ANÁLISE ESTATÍSTICA: A análise descritiva foi feita para todos os parâmetros. Para as pressões de repouso e contração, o índice Gamma foi utilizado para a comparação entre o EAD e a MAR, que variou de 0 a 1. Quanto mais próximo de 1 melhor a concordância entre os dois métodos de avaliação. RESULTADOS: A idade média foi de 48 anos e 55,5% dos pacientes eram do sexo feminino. A concordância das pressões anais de repouso entre a MAR e o EAD realizadas pelos examinadores seniores, proficientes, foi de 0,7 (IC 95%; 0,32-1,0), enquanto para o examinador júnior, menos experiente, foi de 0,52 (IC95%; 0,09-0,96). A concordância das pressões de contração foi de 0,96 (IC 95%; 0,87-1,0) para os examinadores seniores e de 0,52 (IC 95%; 0,16-0,89) para o júnior. CONCLUSÃO: Cirurgiões colorretais mais experientes, o EAD teve concordância mais significativa com a MAR, o que poderia levar a um manejo terapêutico mais adequado aos pacientes portadores de doença anorretais funcionais. A manometria anorretal permanece, portanto, como método de avaliação objetiva da função esfincteriana.

ABSTRACT BACKGROUND: Digital rectal examination (DRE) is part of the physical examination, is also essential for the colorectal surgeon evaluation. A good DRE offers precious information related to the patient’s complaints, which will help in decision making. It is simple, quick and minimally invasive. In many centers around the world, the DRE is still the only method to evaluate the anal sphincter prior to patient’s management. On the other hand, anorectal manometry (ARM) is the main method for objective functional evaluation of anal sphincter pressures. The discrepancy of DRE depending on the examiner to determine sphincter tonus in comparison to ARM motivated this study. OBJECTIVE: To compare the DRE performed by proficient and non-experienced examiners to sphincter pressure parameters obtained at ARM, depending on examiners expertise. METHODS: Thirty-six consecutive patients with complaints of fecal incontinence or chronic constipation, from the anorectal physiology clinic of the University of São Paulo School of Medicine, were prospectively included. Each patient underwent ARM and DRE performed by two senior colorectal surgeons and one junior colorectal surgeon prior to the ARM. Patient’s history was blinded for the examiner’s knowledge, also the impressions of each examiner were blinded from the others. For the DRE rest and squeeze pressures were classified by an objective scale (DRE scoring system) that was compared to the parameters of the ARM for the analysis. The results obtained at the ARM were compared to the DRE performed by the seniors and the junior colorectal surgeons. STATISTICAL ANALYSIS: Descriptive analysis was performed for all parameters. For the rest and squeeze pressures the Gamma index was used for the comparison between the DRE and ARM, which varied from 0 to 1. The closer to 1 the better was the agreement. RESULTS: The mean age was 48 years old and 55.5% of patients were female. The agreement of rest anal pressures between the ARM and the DRE performed by the senior proficient examiners was 0.7 (CI 95%; 0.32-1.0), while for the junior non-experienced examiner was 0.52 (CI 95%; 0.09-0.96). The agreement of squeeze pressures was 0.96 (CI 95%; 0.87-1.0) for the seniors and 0.52 (CI 95%; 0.16-0.89) for the junior examiner. CONCLUSION: More experienced colorectal surgeons used to DRE had a more significant agreement with the ARM, thereafter would have more appropriate therapeutic management to patients with sphincter functional problems. ARM, therefore, persists as an important exam to objectively evaluate the sphincter complex, justifying its utility in the clinical practice.

RESUMO Objetivo: avaliar os resultados de longo prazo da correção de fissuras anais crônicas em pacientes sem hipertonia anal usando a técnica de anoplastia com o plicoma sentinela. Métodos: estudo prospectivo de pacientes com fissura anal crônica refratários ao tratamento conservador e sem hipertonia anal, submetidos à operação de anoplastia com utilização do plicoma anal para cobrir a área cruenta. Foi confirmada a ausência de hipertonia anal através do toque retal e da eletromanometria. Foi aplicado um questionário de dor visual e o escore de incontinência fecal da Cleveland Clinic, antes e após a cirurgia. Resultados: quinze pacientes com fissura anal crônica foram acompanhados por um período médio de 29 meses (12 a 56). A média de idade foi 41 anos (29 a 69) e a duração dos sintomas variou entre seis meses e cinco anos. A cicatrização ocorreu entre três e seis semanas para 13 pacientes (86,7%). Os outros dois pacientes foram submetidos a desbridamento e nova anoplastia, com sucesso. Em nenhum paciente ocorreu necrose do plicoma ou estenose anal. O escore de incontinência anal não se alterou após o procedimento e todos os pacientes referiram melhora da dor. Após 12 meses de seguimento, nenhum paciente apresentou recorrência ou incontinência anal e 93,3% (14/15) dos pacientes responderam estar muito satisfeitos. Conclusão: fissurectomia e anoplastia com o uso do plicoma sentinela é uma técnica segura que resulta em melhora da dor sem alterações da continência fecal e com altas taxas de satisfação.

ABSTRACT Objective: to evaluate the long-term results of the correction of chronic anal fissures (CAF) in patients without anal hypertonia using the technique of anoplasty with skin tag flap. Methods: we conducted a prospective study of CAF patients refractory to conservative treatment without anal hypertonia, subjected to anoplasty with the use of anal plicoma to cover the bloody area. We confirmed the absence of anal hypertonia through rectal exam and electromanometry. We applied a visual pain questionnaire and the Cleveland Clinic fecal incontinence score before and after surgery. Results: we followed 15 patients with chronic anal fissure for a mean period of 29 months (12-56). The mean age was 41 years (29-69) and the duration of symptoms ranged from six months to five years. Healing occurred between three and six weeks for 13 patients (86.7%). The other two patients underwent debridement and new anoplasty successfully. No plicoma necrosis or anal stenosis occurred in any patient. The anal incontinence score did not change after the procedure, and all patients reported reduced pain. After 12 months of follow-up, none of the patients presented recurrence or anal incontinence, and 93.3% (14/15) of the patients were very satisfied. Conclusion: fissurectomy and anoplasty with the use of sentinel plie is a safe technique that results in improvement in pain without change of fecal continence and with high satisfaction rates.

RESUMO CONTEXTO: Esclerodermia ou esclerose sistêmica progressiva caracteriza-se por um processo inflamatório crônico com proliferação e fibrose do tecido conjuntivo e uma deposição excessiva de colágeno e matriz extracelular na pele, musculatura lisa e vísceras. A musculatura lisa mais envolvida é a esofágica e a disfagia é o sintoma mais comumente relatado. Entretanto, o esfíncter anal interno também pode ser acometido por essa degeneração e fibrose ocasionando incontinência anal nos pacientes portadores de esclerodermia. Isso pode ser omitido pelo paciente, exceto quando questionado de forma direta. OBJETIVO: Analisar a função e anatomia anorretal através do escore de incontinência anal de Cleveland Clinic Florida, manometria anorretal e ultrassom endoanal em pacientes do sexo feminino portadoras de esclerodermia e sintomas de incontinência anal atendidas no ambulatório de Fisiologia Colorretoanal no Hospital das Clínicas da Universidade de São Paulo (HC-FMUSP). RESULTADOS: Treze pacientes do sexo feminino foram avaliadas com média de idade de 55,77 anos (±16,14; 27-72 anos) e duração média da doença de 10,23 anos (±6,23; 2-23 anos). O índice de incontinência anal teve variação de 1-15, sendo que sete (53,8%) pacientes apresentavam índice inferior a 7; três (23,1%) entre 8 e 13; e três (23,1%) superior a 14, correspondendo à incontinência anal leve, moderada e grave, respectivamente. Dez (76,92%) pacientes apresentavam hipotonia do esfíncter anal interno. O estudo da ultrassonografia endoanal de três dimensões demonstrou afilamento com atrofia do esfíncter anal interno em seis casos e defeito muscular em três pacientes. CONCLUSÃO: O prejuízo funcional e anatômico do complexo esfincteriano anorretal é um importante fator a ser analisado em pacientes portadores de esclerose sistêmica progressiva e isso não pode ser subestimado.

ABSTRACT BACKGROUND: Scleroderma or progressive systemic sclerosis is characterized by a chronic inflammatory process with proliferation of fibrous connective tissue and excessive deposition of collagen and extracellular matrix in the skin, smooth muscle, and viscera. The smooth muscle most involved in scleroderma is that of the esophagus, and dysphagia is the most commonly reported symptom. However, the internal anal sphincter may also be impaired by degeneration and fibrosis, leading to concomitant anal incontinence in scleroderma patients. These patients may neglect to complain about it, except when actively questioned. OBJECTIVE: To assess anorectal function and anatomy of female scleroderma patients with symptoms of anal incontinence through Cleveland Clinic Florida Fecal Incontinence Score (CCFIS), anorectal manometry and endoanal ultrasound at the outpatient clinic of colorectal and anal physiology, Clinics Hospital, University of São Paulo Medical School (HC-FMUSP). METHODS: Female scleroderma patients were prospectively assessed and questioned as to symptoms of anal incontinence. The anorectal manometry and endoanal ultrasound results were correlated with clinical data and symptoms. RESULTS: In total, 13 women were evaluated. Their mean age was 55.77 years (±16.14; 27-72 years) and their mean disease duration was 10.23 years (±6.23; 2-23 years). All had symptoms of fecal incontinence ranging from 1 to 15. Seven (53.8%) patients had fecal incontinence score no higher than 7; three (23.1%) between 8 and 13; and three (23.1%) 14 or higher, corresponding to mild, moderate, and severe incontinence, respectively. Ten (76.92%) patients had hypotonia of the internal anal sphincter. Three-dimensional endoanal ultrasound showed tapering associated with muscle atrophy of the internal sphincter in six cases and previous muscle defects in three cases. CONCLUSION: A functional and anatomical impairment of the sphincter is an important factor to assess in patients with progressive systemic sclerosis and it should not be underestimated.

RESUMO O câncer colorretal (CCR) esporádico é tradicionalmente diagnosticado após a sexta década de vida, embora uma pequena porcentagem de casos seja diagnosticada em doentes abaixo dos 40 anos de idade, e a incidência está aumentando. Existe uma grande controvérsia a respeito da evolução clínica de doentes jovens portadores de CCR em comparação aos mais idosos. Os objetivos deste estudo foram avaliar a prevalência de CCR em doentes jovens, rever a literatura pertinente e discutir suas características mais importantes nesta faixa etária. Para tanto realizou-se revisão da literatura envolvendo doentes com CCR com foco na idade ao diagnóstico. A informação extraída da revisão de literatura demonstrou uma tendência de redução da incidência em pessoas mais idosas com efeito oposto em adolescentes e adultos jovens. Sua agressividade biológica ainda não foi claramente reconhecida, embora seja usualmente diagnosticado mais tardiamente e em associação com características histológicas adversas. Apesar disso, estas características não afetam a evolução. Este aparente aumento na incidência de CCR entre pacientes jovens durante as últimas décadas levanta a necessidade de uma maior suspeita diagnóstica na avaliação de sintomas comuns neste grupo. Assim, programas educacionais devem disseminar informação tanto para população como para médicos a fim de melhorar a prevenção e o diagnóstico precoce.

ABSTRACT Sporadic colorectal cancer (CRC) is traditionally diagnosed after de sixth decade of life, although a small percentage of cases are diagnosed in patients under 40 years of age, and incidence is increasing. There exists a great volume of controversy regarding clinical outcome of young patients diagnosed with colorectal cancer (CRC) when compared to elder counterparts. Our aims were to evaluate the rate of CRC in young patients, to review the pertaining literature and to discuss outcomes and clinical prognosis. A retrospective review involving patients with CRC was undertaken, focusing on age at diagnosis. The information extracted from this literature review showed a trend towards a decreased incidence in older people with an opposite effect among adolescents and young adults. Moreover, biological aggressiveness in young adults diagnosed with CRC has not been fully recognized, although it is usually diagnosed later and in association with adverse histological features. Besides that, these features don't affect outcome. These apparent increase in CRC incidence among young patients during the last decades raises the need for a greater suspicious when evaluating common symptoms in this group. Thus, educational programs should widespread information for both population and physicians to improve prevention and early diagnosis results.

OBJECTIVE: Many changes in mucosal morphology are observed following ileal pouch construction, including colonic metaplasia and dysplasia. Additionally, one rare but potential complication is the development of adenocarcinoma of the reservoir. The aim of this study was to evaluate the most frequently observed histopathological changes in ileal pouches and to correlate these changes with potential risk factors for complications. METHODS: A total of 41 patients were enrolled in the study and divided into the following three groups: a non-pouchitis group (group 1) (n = 20; 8 males; mean age: 47.5 years) demonstrating optimal outcome; a pouchitis without antibiotics group (group 2) (n = 14; 4 males; mean age: 47 years), containing individuals with pouchitis who did not receive treatment with antibiotics; and a pouchitis plus antibiotics group (group 3) (n = 7; 3 males; mean age: 41 years), containing those patients with pouchitis who were administered antibiotics. Ileal pouch endoscopy was performed, and tissue biopsy samples were collected for histopathological analysis. RESULTS: Colonic metaplasia was found in 15 (36.6%) of the 41 patients evaluated; of these, five (25%) were from group 1, eight (57.1%) were from group 2, and two (28.6%) were from group 3. However, no correlation was established between the presence of metaplasia and pouchitis (p = 0.17). and no differences in mucosal atrophy or the degree of chronic or acute inflammation were observed between groups 1, 2, and 3 (p>0.45). Moreover, no dysplasia or neoplastic changes were detected. However, the degree of mucosal atrophy correlated well with the time of postoperative follow-up (p = 0.05). CONCLUSIONS: The degree of mucosal atrophy, the presence of colonic metaplasia, and the degree of acute or chronic inflammation do not appear to constitute risk factors for the development of pouchitis. Moreover, we observed that longer postoperative follow-up times were associated with greater degrees of mucosal atrophy.

RACIONAL: A cirurgia para hemorróidas sintomáticas é necessária em quase 10% dos pacientes. Embora, a literatura sobre o tratamento cirúrgico da doença hemorroidária seja muito grande, os dados relativos à hemorroidectomia ou hemorroidopexia realizadas por residentes de treinamento é limitado. OBJETIVO: Analisar os resultados destes procedimentos em uma instituição de ensino. MÉTODOS: Foram analisados retrospectivamente os dados de todos os pacientes que se submeteram ao tratamento cirúrgico para hemorróidas entre1995 e 2007 em uma única instituição. Residentes supervisionados realizaram todos os procedimentos. As técnicas foram comparadas com base no tempo operatório, permanência hospitalar, morbidade e eficácia a longo prazo. RESULTADOS: Trezentos e trinta e três pacientes foram incluídos no estudo, 182 homens (54,6%), com idade média de 45,3 anos (± 12,02). Hemorróidas de terceiro grau foram a principal indicação (81,7%). Milligan-Morgan foi o procedimento mais comumente realizado (57%), seguido por Ferguson e hemorroidopexia grampeada. A média de tempo operatório foi significativamente menor no grupo hemorroidopexia grampeada quando comparado com os procedimentos abertos e fechados: 49,4 ± 29,3 min vs 61,1 ± 26,5 e 67,1 ± 28,3, respectivamente (p=0,0034). Não houve diferença estatisticamente significativa entre os grupos quanto às complicações pós-operatórias ou à taxa de reoperação. O tempo de internação foi significativamente maior no grupo Milligan-Morgan quando comparado com Ferguson e grampeamento (1,41 ± 0,86 dias vs 1,19 ± 0,43 vs 1,16 ± 0,37, respectivamente). Recorrência sintomática, taxas de reoperação e o uso de ligadura elástica foram semelhantes entre os grupos. CONCLUSÃO: Os residentes sob supervisão pode executar Milligan-Morgan, Ferguson e grampeamento hemorroidário com baixa incidência de complicações e bons resultados a longo prazo. O grampeamento foi associado com menor tempo operatório, enquanto Milligan-Morgan foi correlacionada com maior tempo de hospitalização.

BACKGROUND: Surgery for symptomatic hemorrhoids is needed in almost 10% of the patients. Although, literature about the surgical management of hemorrhoidal disease is vast, data concerning hemorrhoidectomy or hemorrhoidopexy performed by training residents is limited. AIM: To analyze the results of these procedures in a teaching institution. METHODS: Data from all patients who underwent surgical treatment for hemorrhoids from 1995 to 2007 in a single institution were retrospectively analyzed. Residents supervised by assisting doctors performed all procedures. Techniques were compared based on operative time, hospital stay, morbidity, and long-term efficacy. RESULTS: Three hundred thirty three patients were included in the study, 182 males (54.6%), with a mean age of 45.3 years (± 12.02). Third degree hemorrhoids were the main indication (81.7%). Milligan-Morgan was the most commonly performed procedure (57%), followed by Ferguson and stapled hemorrhoidopexy. Mean operative time was significantly lower in the stapled hemorrhoidopexy group when compared to the open and closed procedures: 49,4 ± 29.3 min vs. 61.1 ± 26.5 and 67.1 ± 28.3, respectively (p=0.0034). There was no statistically significant difference among the groups regarding postoperative complications or reoperation rate. Length of stay was significantly higher in the Milligan-Morgan group when compared to Ferguson and stapled hemorrhoidopexy (1.41 ± 0.86 days vs. 1.19 ± 0.43 vs. 1.16 ± 0.37 respectively). Symptomatic recurrence, reoperation rates and band ligation usage were similar among groups. CONCLUSION: Residents under supervision can perform Milligan-Morgan, Ferguson and stapled hemorrhoidopexy with low incidence of complications and good long-term results. Stapled hemorrhoidopexy technique was associated with a shorter operative time, while Milligan-Morgan correlated with a longer length of stay.

CONTEXTO: As controvérsias quanto a melhor forma de tratamento da polipose adenomatosa familiar confrontam a morbidade da proctocolectomia restauradora contra a suposta mortalidade decorrente de câncer retal após íleo-reto anastomose. OBJETIVOS: Avaliar as complicações operatórias e a evolução oncológica dos pacientes submetidos a íleo-reto anastomose ou proctocolectomia restauradora. MÉTODOS: Analisaram-se os dados dos doentes tratados entre 1977 e 2006, procedendo ao levantamento de dados clínicos gerais, endoscópicos, resultados do tratamento cirúrgico, dados anatomopatológicos e informações sobre a evolução precoce e tardia dos pacientes. RESULTADOS: Foram tratados 88 pacientes, sendo 41 homens (46,6%) e 47 mulheres (53,4%). Por ocasião do diagnóstico, 53 pacientes (60,2%) já tinham câncer colorretal associado à polipose. Registraram-se complicações operatórias em 25 doentes (29,0 %) dentre os 86 operados, sendo 17 (19,7%) precoces e 8 (9,3%) tardias. Houve mais complicações após proctocolectomia restauradora (48,1%) em comparação às proctocolectomias com ileostomia (26,6%) e íleo-reto anastomose (19,0%) (P = 0,03). Não houve mortalidade operatória. O risco cumulativo de câncer retal após íleo-reto anastomose foi de 17,2% após 5 anos, 24,1% após 10 anos e 43,1% após 15 anos de seguimento pós-operatório. Já o risco cumulativo idade-dependente começou a existir a partir de 30 anos (4,3%), passando para 9,6% aos 40 anos, 20,9% aos 40 anos e 52% aos 60 anos. Entre os pacientes submetidos a bolsa ileal com seguimento (26), apenas 1 doente (3,8%) desenvolveu câncer na bolsa ileal. CONCLUSÕES: 1. Ocorreram complicações operatórias em cerca de 1/3 dos pacientes, sendo mais frequentes após a confecção de bolsa ileal; 2. idade maior, tempo de seguimento e câncer colônico prévio se associaram ao desenvolvimento de câncer no coto retal após íleo-reto anastomose; 3. pacientes tratados por proctocolectomia restauradora não estão livres do risco de degeneração na bolsa ileal; 4. a complexidade da doença e a existência de diversos fatores de risco envolvidos (clínicos, endoscópicos, genéticos) indicam que a melhor decisão operatória seja baseada em características individuais a serem consideradas por um especialista; 5. todos os pacientes operados requerem vigilância contínua e prolongada no seguimento pós-operatório.

CONTEXT: Controversy regarding the best operative choice for familial adenomatous polyposis lays between the morbidity of restorative proctocolectomy and the supposed mortality due to rectal cancer after ileorectal anastomosis. OBJECTIVES: To evaluate operative complications and oncological outcome after ileorectal anastomosis and restorative proctocolectomy. METHODS: Charts from patients treated between 1977 and 2006 were retrospectively analyzed. Clinical and endoscopic data, results of treatment, pathological reports and information regarding early and late outcome were recorded. RESULTS: Eighty-eight patients - 41 men (46.6%) and 47 women (53.4%) - were assisted. At diagnosis, 53 patients (60.2%) already had associated colorectal cancer. Operative complications occurred in 25 patients (29.0 %), being 17 (19.7%) early and 8 (9.3%) late complications. There were more complications after restorative proctocolectomy (48.1%) compared to proctocolectomy with ileostomy (26.6%) and ileorectal anastomosis (19.0%) (P = 0,03). There was no operative mortality. During the follow-up of 36 ileorectal anastomosis, cancer developed in the rectal cuff in six patients (16,6%). Cumulative cancer risk after ileorectal anastomosis was 17.2% at 5 years, 24.1% at 10 years and 43.1% at 15 years of follow-up. Age-dependent cumulative risk started at 30 years (4.3%), went to 9.6% at 40 years, 20.9% at 40 years and 52% at 60 years. Among the 26 patients followed after restorative proctocolectomy, it was found cancer in the ileal pouch in 1 (3.8%). CONCLUSIONS: 1. Operative complications occurred in about one third of the patients, being more frequently after the confection of ileal reservoir; 2. greater age and previous colonic carcinoma were associated with the development of rectal cancer after ileorectal anastomosis; 3. patients treated by restorative proctocolectomy are not free from the risk of pouch degeneration; 4. the disease complexity and the various risk factors (clinical, endoscopic, genetic) indicate that the best choice for operative treatment should be based on individual features discussed by a specialist; 5. all patients require continuous and long-term surveillance during postoperative follow-up.

Nas últimas décadas a incidência da moléstia diverticular do cólon e de suas complicações tem aumentado. Durante esse período o número de publicações a respeito do tema se expandiu, bem como as opções terapêuticas. Apesar disso, muitas dúvidas persistem e as decisões terapêuticas continuam relativamente imutadas, baseadas muitas vezes em dados antigos e de baixo poder estatístico. Nesta revisão apresentamos as evidências científicas atuais acerca da terapêutica desta complexa patologia.

During the past decades the incidence of diverticular disease of the colon and its complications has increased as well as the therapeutic options have expanded. However, there are still remaining doubts about the timing of surgery indication, the access (open vs laparoscopic) and the best approach to complicated diverticulitis. The current decisions are mostly based in old data of poor statistic strength. This review shows the present-day evidence about the treatment of diverticular disease.